lørdag, januar 23, 2021

Cannabis er godt for hjernen

Daily Rush Debat Off-topic Cannabis er godt for hjernen

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  • #0

    SmileyMan3
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    Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects
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    The hippocampal dentate gyrus in the adult mammalian brain contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) capable of generating new neurons, i.e., neurogenesis. Most drugs of abuse examined to date decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the effects of cannabis (marijuana or cannabinoids) on hippocampal neurogenesis remain unknown. This study aimed at investigating the potential regulatory capacity of the potent synthetic cannabinoid HU210 on hippocampal neurogenesis and its possible correlation with behavioral change.

    The recent discovery that the hippocampus is able to generate new neurons (i.e., neurogenesis) throughout the lifespan of mammals, including humans, has changed the way we think about the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders (12) and drug addiction (13). The subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (SGZ) in the adult brain contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) capable of producing thousands of new granule cells per day (14). We, and others, have shown that these newborn hippocampal neurons are functionally integrated into the existing neuroanatomical circuitry (15, 16) and are positively correlated with hippocampus-dependent learning and memory processes (17) and the developmental mechanisms of stress and mood disorders (12). Recent studies have further shown that chronic fluoxetine treatment produced antidepressant and anxiolytic effects (18, 19) and the anxiolytic effects are likely achieved by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis (18).

    Although both HU210 and AEA exerted no significant effects on neuronal differentiation of NS/PCs, they significantly increased NS/PC proliferation, leading to increased total number of newborn neurons. Similar results were also obtained in freely moving adult rats. That is, chronic, but not acute, HU210 significantly increased the number of newborn hippocampal neurons in adult rats by promoting NS/PC proliferation but not differentiation. We also provided evidence indicating that the promoting effects of chronic HU210 treatment on adult hippocampal neurogenesis are not the outcome of hippocampal neuronal death, as we did not detect neuronal loss or dying hippocampal neurons following chronic HU210 injection. Overall, these data support the idea that cannabinoids are able to promote embryonic and adult hippocampal neurogenesis via the CB1 receptors in the NS/PCs.

    Following the observation that chronic HU210 treatment promoted neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, we wondered whether chronic HU210–induced newborn neurons are of functional significance. Given the recent findings that chronic fluoxetine treatment produced antidepressant and anxiolytic effects (18, 19) and the anxiolytic effects are likely achieved by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis (18), we hypothesized that chronic HU210–induced hippocampal neurogenesis may also correlate with anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. Our subsequent experiments supported this hypothesis. After 1 month of chronic HU210 treatment, rats deprived of food for 48 hours showed significantly reduced latency to eat food in a novel environment, suggesting that chronic HU210 treatment exerted anxiolytic effects.

    One week after undergoing NSF testing, the same rats receiving chronic HU210 treatment showed a significantly reduced duration of immobility in the FST, indicating that chronic HU210 also exerts antidepressant effects. Because acute cannabinoid treatment profoundly affects motor function of humans and animals (1, 10), chronic HU210–induced shortened immobility in the FST may be produced by its action in changing the motor activity of rats. This is unlikely, however, as we observed no significant difference in the number of rats climbing (41, 42) among HU210-, AM281-, and vehicle-treated groups in the first 5 minutes of the pretest sessions of the FST. The anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like behavioral changes in rats 1 month after chronic HU210 treatment are unlikely to have been produced by the cannabinoid withdrawal effects, since, as shown in our recent study (8), rodents receiving chronic cannabinoid would display detectable cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome only after administration of CB1 receptor antagonists.

    Finally, the same rats with reduced measures of anxiety and depression following chronic HU210 treatment showed significantly increased numbers of BrdU-labeled cells within the dentate granule cell layer. These overall results thus confirmed our above-described novel findings that chronic HU210 treatment significantly increased newborn neurons in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (Figure 6).

    In summary, since adult hippocampal neurogenesis is suppressed following chronic administration of opiates (20), alcohol (21), nicotine (22), and cocaine (23), the present study suggests that cannabinoids are the only illicit drug that can promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis following chronic administration. Increased hippocampal neurogenesis appears to underlie the mechanism of anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects produced by a high dose of chronic HU210 treatment. The opposing effects of high doses of acute and chronic cannabinoids, together with the anxiolytic-like effects caused by a low dose of cannabinoids, may finally explain discrepancies in the clinical study literature regarding the effects of cannabinoid on anxiety and depression.

    Summasummarum: Cannabis forstærker neurogenesis, hvilket kort sagt resulterer i forbedret hukommelse/indlæring og humør.

    Gør det nu lovligt…

Viser 15 kommentarer - 16 til 30 (af 148 i alt)
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  • #16

    TheMummy
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    Jeg gider ikke engang læse den der wall of words, for jeg ved af personlig erfaring at hash skader folk.

    "You're all about as useless as a cock-flavored lollipop"

    #17

    FreeLanZer
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    PIS! #15 Jeg skulle lige til at poste gamle Spandmand!

    #18

    TheRaz
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    #4
    Nej slet ikke. Jeg ved af erfaring at man bliver en grøntsag af det i længden. Man bliver sjusket og forsømmer en masse ting. Jeg kender til ret mange som er blevet bumser af det lort og det var folk som var velbegavede og havde gang i uddannelser osv men som måtte opgive en masse pga. den ladhed som følger med at ryge den fede dag ud og dag ind.

    Om folk ryger eller ej kommer ikke mig ved, men jeg vil til enhver tid opfordre folk til ikke at røre det hvis jeg bliver spurgt.

    #16
    Helt enig.

    Jeg har atomer i bukserne. Og så kan man desuden aldrig få CPU'er nok. Det er ganske enkelt naturvidenskabeligt umuligt.

    #19

    Sjuffe
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    #18 Ja helt enig.

    Af samme årsag spiser jeg ikke junkfood eller drikker mig stander vissen hver dag.

    Alt med måde ikke sandt.

    Men en joint eller en bajer eller 2 har ingen ondt af…

    "You know if it was left to me, I would raise the prices even further." Bobby Kotick CEO Activision

    #20

    SmileyMan3
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    #18: Man kan også dø af at drikke for meget vand.

    #21

    Gromly
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    #20 ja, man kan få overdosis af alt hvad man indtager, i store nok mængder… men det er ikke rigtig et argument i forhold til #18?
    som jeg i øvrigt kan tilslutte mig… har også kun erfaring med utroligt lade mennesker der har røget på semidaglig basis…

    #22

    Anglia
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    #10 Tak. Du maa gerne saette dig ned igen.

    Jeg vil gerne arbejd noget med mensker eller os noget med hyptonisering, det ligner der massere job. Sys man skal spare på miljøet.

    #23

    heineg
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    Tag et smut til Thy-lejren og se, hvad langtidseffekten af et langvarigt hashforbrug gør ved folk

    #24

    Radiohead
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    Helt sikkert

    Vil man dø af kedsomhed eller af at spise sorte pølser?

    #25

    traCe
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    må da indrømme at jeg sagtens kan nyde en joint en gang imellem, men jeg kender ederfuckma mange som er blevet “hashomaner” og hvor deres liv virkelig er tynget af deres forbrug.

    seriøst, de bliver ikke engang skæve længere det er bare abstinenser… !

    CAPS LOCK IS LIKE CRUISE CONTROL FOR AWESOME

    #26

    SmileyMan3
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    #23: Jeg håber du laver sjov.

    #27

    daxi
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    Så du, SmileyMan3, læser at hash forstærker neuro-bla-bla og derfor skal lovliggøres.

    Er du virkelig af den holdning, at misbrugere af hash fungerer lige så godt, som ikke-misbrugere? Ha ha ha

    Der vil altid være undtagelser til reglen; nogle folk er i stand til at køre et misbrug sideløbende med et normalt liv, men jeg har aldrig hørt om nogen, som ryger fede dag ud og dag ind, som besidder et job hvor hjerneaktivitet er påkrævet (Ja, overdrivelse fremmer forståelsen).

    Jeg er ked af at sige det, men jeg mener altså det er en hippie-holdning

    Og nej, jeg linker ikke til undersøgelser, som underbygger min påstand. Du burde selv være kritisk nok til at se en sag fra begge sider, og så vurdere ud fra statistikker osv. Ryg du bare i fred – peace dude

    #28

    mifan
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    Hehe…

    Ryg du dig bare vind og skæv i Hash og Salvia, og retfærdiggør det med disse undersøgelser. Gi’ los!

    Jeg er enig med #27

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    #29

    Jacques
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    C’mon, people, misbrugere husker LANGT bedre end alle andre når det kommer til rulleteknikken!

    Bye with a warmly hugs

    #30

    SmileyMan3
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    #27: Misbrugere af cannabis fungerer ikke lige så godt som ikke-misbrugere på samme måde som alkoholikere ikke fungere lige så godt som ikke-alkoholikere. Alle former for misbrug er negative. Alkoholisme er desuden værre.

    A 1998 French governmental report commissioned by Health Secretary of State Bernard Kouchner, and directed by Dr. Pierre-Bernard Roques, classed drugs according to addictiveness and neurotoxicity. It placed heroin, cocaine and alcohol in the most addictive and lethal categories; benzodiazepine, hallucinogens and tobacco in the medium category, and cannabis in the last category. The report stated that “Addiction to cannabis does not involve neurotoxicity such as it was defined in chapter 3 by neuroanatomical, neurochemical and behavioral criteria. Thus, former results suggesting anatomic changes in the brain of chronic cannabis users, measured by tomography, were not confirmed by the accurate modern neuro-imaging techniques. Moreover, morphological impairment of the hippocampus [which plays a part in memory and navigation] of rat after administration of very high doses of THC (Langfield et al., 1988) was not shown (Slikker et al., 1992).” Health Secretary Bernard Kouchner concluded that : “Scientific facts show that, for cannabis, no neurotoxicity is demonstrated, to the contrary of alcohol and cocaine.”[70]

    Link

    #28: Jeg retfærdiggør ikke indtagelsen men lovliggørelsen.

Viser 15 kommentarer - 16 til 30 (af 148 i alt)
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